◉ PSYCHOHISTORY

Thomas Hartung (Johns Hopkins)

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One scientist is racing to turn lab-grown mini-brains into ultra-efficient living computers.
Who they are

Thomas Hartung, a researcher at Johns Hopkins University.

What they do

He's the leading academic architect of 'Organoid Intelligence' — using lab-grown clusters of brain cells as computing hardware.

How it works

He was lead author of the 2023 Organoid Intelligence manifesto in Frontiers in Science, founded the Johns Hopkins OI Initiative, and holds a foundational 'BrainSpheres' patent licensed to the company AxoSim; his roadmap is to scale these mini-brains from 50,000 to 10 million neurons, arguing they could hit huge computing power on just 20 watts.

Why it matters

The engine reads him as the person defining this emerging field, making him central to any push to merge biology with computing.

The engine's record — word for word
Academic architect of Organoid Intelligence. Lead author of 2023 Frontiers in Science OI manifesto. Founded JHU OI Initiative. Core thesis: brain organoids as ultra-efficient biological hardware (1 exaflop on 20W). Holds foundational BrainSpheres patent licensed to AxoSim. Roadmap: scale from 50K to 10M neurons. The man defining the field.
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